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->Eastern: connectedness, harmony, commonality, holistic thinking, duties and obligations. Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". /Contents 36 0 R Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? According to Walter Lippmann's arguments in his classic book Public Opinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. 18 0 obj CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>comQuestion 7 15 15 points what general approach to schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work What is the "foot-in-the-door" technique? {\text { Price }} & {\text { Quantity }} \\ /ParentTree 19 0 R -Holistic thinking: focuses on the surroundings, central figure and foreground /Tabs /S /Group << /GS8 28 0 R /Tabs /S Rossi . [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. affects which beliefs and rules we test endobj Wim . /Footnote /Note /FontDescriptor 365 0 R 1,000 & 12,000 What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? -Aggression: westerners feel angry to people they are close to or when they are mistreated, easterners opposite 23 0 obj /GS7 27 0 R "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. /MarkInfo << /CS /DeviceRGB << /StructParents 3 22 0 obj The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. /F1 21 0 R As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. /Type /Group People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. Cookie policy. 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] People are fully engaged in their thought processes, and choose between a number of different cognitive strategies depending on which best suits their current goals, motives, and needs b. Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R [9][pageneeded] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributionalbiases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. >> /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] be a cognitive miser, and second categorization clarifies and redefines our << affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 /Font << With efficiency as the key consideration in decision making, the cognitive miser uses mental shortcuts in appraising decision problems. *P?9-(A4wP"gr=I
@OkZR+tfOBT$!/47(}X0N>q*0@pa 6G$B3WG$ucj?d7tN%1LiWmqw orY;M#a~)vTiU o2"yHaUr@JiilHcGo'5"I;Y?D-'y~ /Type /ExtGState ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 >> What does meta-analysis discover about cultural differences in conformity and aggression. What is a meta-analysis? Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the /Font << >> /ExtGState << -Examples: sports events. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. Multiple Knowing Processes | SpringerLink central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? Which of the following is a theoretical example of a consistency seeker model of social cognition? Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] They argue that people start the process of impression formation by \end{array} In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. Gordon . How does a "flawed scientist" reason? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Contents 42 0 R -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. [5][6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. 11 0 obj What is the difference between situational factors and dispositional factors? /Tabs /S >> A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of DeepwaterHorizonexplosion, is presented below. endobj 20 0 obj /ExtGState << >> But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. The cognitive miser and focal bias . /F1 21 0 R However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". Consistency seeker: motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions. /Type /StructElem /CS /DeviceRGB 8 0 obj In unserem Vergleich haben wir die unterschiedlichsten 70413 lego am Markt unter die Lupe genommen und die wichtigsten Eigenschaften, die Kostenstruktur und die Bewertungen der Kunden abgewogen. In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /Parent 2 0 R (a) Graph this equation with a graphing calculator and the window ttt-min =2,t=-2, t=2,t-max =10=10=10; SSS-min =20,Smax=250=-20, S-\max =250=20,Smax=250. /K [20 0 R] If AAA and BBB are events, then P(AB)P(B)P(A|B)\le P(B)P(AB)P(B). /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /ExtGState << /Name /F2 The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. Which is viewed as more heterogeneous? Describe his findings. If people are viewed as consistency-seekers, then their cognition is influenced by: Subjective inconsistency Objective inconsistency Attributional inconsistency A and C 11. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. >> "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. -Treatment: appoint a devils advocate. /GS8 28 0 R 9 [262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under /Resources << /Contents 43 0 R a. Cognitive dissonance theory b. Attribution theories c. Dual-process models d. Neuropsychological models 12. Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. /Contents 41 0 R 70413 lego - Der TOP-Favorit unserer Produkttester. what effects does motivation have on hypothesis testing? [2], People are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts whenever they can. The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 286. Olivier . -In group: (us) Naive scientistHeider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attributions using similar processes to those of scientists.NarcissismIndividual differences variable characterized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. as. 3 [114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R Cognitive miser Wikipedia Republished // WIKI 2 The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". /Resources << For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. Passions, on the other hand, connote impulse and emotion, femininity and heat. 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 What are its consequences? -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors Ex) slightly unprejudiced becomes less prejudiced and vice versa. Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. [5][page needed] CallUrl('en>wikipedia>org> 500 0 0 389 278] Please sign in to share these flashcards. In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) Houd . 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? /GS8 28 0 R -Threat of isolation: can lead us to behave in self-destructive ways and even impair, -Tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by group members. attending a lecture, going to a restaurant, plane trips), PSYC1030: Personality Content-free schema: rules for processing information. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /CS /DeviceRGB /Type /Group Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. << /Type /Group -Conformity: |k, y+zSe(S")0(|c^$i)}`#_~:ppq(i.kyo(|49R;e3!q|k0d8zhT6ax 4 0 obj [33] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". /F1 21 0 R stream
[4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. What is deindividuation? 48 . /Type /Font People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. >> [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. perception of our world. [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. >> /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman#2CItalic [29][30] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. . If you (or your child) are prone to any of these, you just might be a cognitive miser:. (1950s) a. [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /Font << [16] [17] [18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. /F3 23 0 R A history of social cognition. - APA PsycNET << /F4 24 0 R Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. /ExtGState << /Subtype /Type1 how many defining category features they have), Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. >> What variables influence whether or not people conform? -Tied to these beliefs Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). /Font << /CS /DeviceRGB Chapter 3 Flashcards | Chegg.com What is conformity? What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? 2 0 obj<>stream
/Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R >> The instances of weeping in the book of Jeremiah are so vivid that Jeremiah is known as "the weeping prophet," but God weeps more frequently in the book. For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. /Font << endobj /F1 21 0 R /Contents 44 0 R ->discrimination is a thing of the past, African Americans are pushing too hard, their gains have been excessive. things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. 20 . It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. * Naive scientist (Psychology) - Definition - Lexicon & Encyclopedia - MiMi social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert Why are people so incredibly gullible? - BBC Future /Parent 2 0 R Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. /S /Transparency The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. /Type /StructTreeRoot As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. /ExtGState << >> 5 0 obj This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. What percentage showed complete compliance? /Group << /ca 1 ->Western: individualistic, autonomy, competence (getting ahead), analytical thinking (objects), rights The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. /Font << ] endobj /Marked true >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Introducing Cram Folders! -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). /StructParents 0 /F6 26 0 R ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! /Tabs /S Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. 13 0 obj How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? [9] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. /StructParents 4 /S /Transparency endobj where ttt is the time in seconds since the ball was thrown. How did the Robber's Cave researchers reduce inter-group hostility? Does a flawed scientist use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamental attribution error. [2][3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by SusanFiske and ShelleyTaylor in 1984. Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. /Annotation /Sect >> 6,000 & 7,000 \\ /F1 21 0 R during socialrejection/inclusion, IMPRESSION: an idea, feeling, or opinion about something orsomeone, especially one formed without conscious thought or onthe basis of little evidence, PERSON PERCEPTION: the process through which people observeother people, interpret information about them, draw inferencesabout them, & develop mental representations of them, provides the basis for the way we think, feel, and behavetowards others, physical characteristics (e.g. -2008 first black president Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the category based and other attribute based, on this continuum people can be perceived DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. Book: Stanovich, Keith E. . [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R] Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. /CS /DeviceRGB >> /S /Transparency [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. /F4 24 0 R /GS8 28 0 R It is an important concept in social cognition theory and . /K [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R << Naive scientist Heider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attribution s using similar processes to those of scientists. What is "lowballing?" That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors.
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naive scientist vs cognitive miser