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Axis powers, coalition headed by Germany, Italy, and Japan that opposed the Allied powers in World War II. A treaty of alliance was concluded between the Ba Maw regime and Japan was signed by Ba Maw for Burma and Sawada Renzo for Japan on the same day in which the Ba Maw government pledged itself to provide the Japanese "with every necessary assistance in order to execute a successful military operation in Burma". Germany then invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia in 1939, creating the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the country of Slovakia. [123] As such, Finland was the only democracy to join the Axis. meg_luv_kisses. [18], Mussolini did not trust Hitler's intentions regarding Anschluss nor Hitler's promise of no territorial claims on South Tyrol. I have therefore decided to move forward in the Middle East by supporting Iraq. Updates? Japan's own statement came soon afterwards in the form of an attack on the U.S.S. Following the German victories in Europe, in September, 1940 Japan, Germany, and Italy signed the Three Power Treaty [the Tripartite Pact], a ten year alliance pledging mutual support in the establishment of a new order in Europe and Asia. Romania's military industry was small but versatile, able to copy and produce thousands of French, Soviet, German, British, and Czechoslovak weapons systems, as well as producing capable original products. Europe and Ethnicity: The First World War and Contemporary Ethnic Conflict. Division in Europe and the sides that would fight each other were forming with finality. Some countries colluded with Germany, Italy, and Japan without signing either the Anti-Comintern Pact, or the Tripartite Pact. [23][22] Mussolini rapidly deployed several army divisions and air squadrons to the Brenner Pass, and warned that a German move against Austria would result in war between Germany and Italy. On 9 May 1941, Mohammad Amin al-Husayni, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem associate of Ali and in asylum in Iraq, declared holy war[174] against the British and called on Arabs throughout the Middle East to rise up against British rule. Japan's reply, a refusal to divulge any information whatsoever, was in reality a tacit admission of her plans. Most of the country was held by Italian forces, but strategic locations (Central Macedonia, the islands of the northeastern Aegean, most of Crete, and parts of Attica) were held by the Germans, who seized most of the country's economic assets and effectively controlled the collaborationist government. The Second World War, Volume III, The Grand Alliance. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 139140. Phibun and a number of his associates were put on trial on charges of having committed war crimes and of collaborating with the Axis powers. The Soviets targeted intelligence, entrepreneurs and officers with mass arrests, with many victims sent to the Gulag in Siberia, committing a string of atrocities that culminated in the Katyn massacre. On 16 April 1941, Ante Paveli, a Croatian nationalist and one of the founders of the Ustae ("Croatian Liberation Movement"), was proclaimed Poglavnik (leader) of the new regime. "[83] In October and November 1940, Yamamoto communicated with Navy Minister Oikawa, and stated, "Unlike the pre-Tripartite days, great determination is required to make certain that we avoid the danger of going to war. The Indian National Army was committed as a part of the U Go Offensive. Sweden allowed formation of a Danish military brigade in exile; it did not see combat. Rashid Ali al-Gaylani was appointed Prime Minister of Iraq in 1940. Mussolini ignored the negative advice. In the occupied Netherlands, Anton Mussert was given the symbolic title of "Fhrer of the Netherlands' people". Finland maintained command of its armed forces and pursued war objectives independently of Germany. In November 1936, the term "axis" was first officially used by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini when he spoke of a Rome-German axis arising out of the treaty of friendship signed between Italy and Germany on 25 October 1936. shortly after the signing of the Rome Berlin Axis. On December 31, 1938, the United States officially rejected Japan's new order in China. Racial laws were introduced in all occupied territories with immediate effects on Jews and Roma people, as well as causing the imprisonment of those opposed to Nazism. Cambridge University Press, 2000. p. 124. Hungarians permitted German troops to transit through their territory during the invasion of Yugoslavia, and Hungarian forces joined the military operations after the proclamation of the Independent State of Croatia. Soon after, Emperor Bo i voided the 1884 treaty with France and Trn Trng Kim, a historian, became prime minister. Hungarian troops, like their Axis counterparts, were involved in numerous actions against the Soviets. September 18, 1931 Japan invades Manchuria. Between 45,000 and 60,000 Jews were killed in Bukovina and Bessarabia by Romanian and German troops in 1941. The Axis championed a number of variants on fascism, militarism, and autarky. A press release by President Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill in August 1941 calling for economic cooperation, national self-determination, and guarantees of political stability after the war. The act reflected Roosevelt's desire to assist the British in any way possible, short of war. After Soviet offensives were fought to a standstill, Ryti's successor as president, Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, dismissed the agreement and opened secret negotiations with the Soviets, which resulted in a ceasefire on 4 September and the Moscow Armistice on 19 September 1944. Nedi was captured by the Americans when they occupied the former territory of Austria, and was subsequently handed over to the Yugoslav communist authorities to act as a witness against war criminals, on the understanding he would be returned to American custody to face trial by the Allies. The provisional government was given nominal control of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands from November 1943 to August 1945. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. rome berlin axis apush significance - Fucae.com [132] Despite Finnish resistance, a peace treaty was signed in March 1940, wherein Finland ceded some key territory to the Soviet Union, including the Karelian Isthmus, containing Finland's second-largest city, Viipuri, and the critical defensive structure of the Mannerheim Line. [79] This threat of retaliation by Japan to the total trade embargo by the United States was known by the American government, including American Secretary of State Cordell Hull who was negotiating with the Japanese to avoid a war, fearing that the total embargo would pre-empt a Japanese attack on the Dutch East Indies.[80]. Neutrality Act of 1935 Legislation that sought to avoid entanglement in foreign wars while protecting trade. A most important step in the military features of the German plan was the signing on 25 and 26 October, 1936, of a treaty with protocols, between Germany and Italy, which together formed the origin of the now famous Rome-Berlin Axis. [154] Thai military losses totalled 5,559 men during the war, of whom about 180 died resisting the Japanese invasion of 8 December 1941, roughly 150 died in action during the fighting in the Shan States, and the rest died of malaria and other diseases. [24] Hitler responded by both denying Nazi responsibility for the assassination and issuing orders to dissolve all ties between the German Nazi Party and its Austrian branch, which Germany claimed was responsible for the political crisis.[25]. Very few steps were taken toward cooperation between the Axis members in naval and military matters, nor were realistic plans made for the future. The First Indian National Army faltered after its leadership objected to being a propaganda tool for Japanese war aims, and the role of Japanese liaison office. In 19351936 Italy invaded and annexed Ethiopia and the Fascist government proclaimed the creation of the "Italian Empire". Partly as a result of the great animosity of many right-wingers against the pre-war Front Populaire, volunteers joined the German forces in their anti-communist crusade against the USSR. Italy's signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact on 6 November 1937 cemented the unity of Fascist and Nazi ideologies. On 10 April 1941, the so-called Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Drava Hrvatska, or NDH), an installed GermanItalian puppet state, co-signed the Tripartite Pact. In 1939 the Soviet Union considered forming an alliance with either Britain and France or with Germany. [27] As a result of Italy's support for Japan against international condemnation, Japan took a more positive attitude towards Italy and offered proposals for a non-aggression or neutrality pact with Italy. "The Axis" and "Rome-Berlin Axis" redirect here. Rome-Berlin AxisIn 1936 Hitler and Mussolini allied together in the Rome-Berlin Axis. The Americans who worked on the project at Los Alamos, New Mexico (among other highly secretive sites around the country), succeeded in producing a successful atomic bomb by July 1945. [124][125] Finland's relative independence from Germany put it in the most advantageous position of all the minor Axis powers. Test. It was published by Oxford University Press as a 376-page hardcover, in 1949. Japan was paving the way on all sides for Pearl Harbor. The worsening situation for Japan from 1943 onwards meant that the Nanking Army was given a more substantial role in the defence of occupied China than the Japanese had initially envisaged. Hitler, who was hardly known for his qualms of conscience or honesty, suddenly ripped up the Anti-Comintern Pact and concluded a surprise treaty with Russia. Nazi Foreign Policy, 19331941: The Road to Global War. The Imperial Japanese Army was in favour of war with the United States, but the Imperial Japanese Navy was generally strongly opposed. [16] Hitler was aware that Italy held concerns over potential German land claims on South Tyrol, and assured Mussolini that Germany was not interested in South Tyrol. [117][118] 13 warships escaped to Sweden and formed a Danish naval flotilla in exile. The Ba Maw has been described as a state having "independence without sovereignty" and as being effectively a Japanese puppet state. Mussolini refused to heed warnings from his minister of exchange and currency, Felice Guarneri, who said that Italy's actions in Ethiopia and Spain meant that Italy was on the verge of bankruptcy. STUDY. This page was last edited on 26 January 2023, at 06:32. Hitler would also begin to free Germanyfrom the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles and Anglo-French encirclement. While Manchukuo ostensibly was a state for ethnic Manchus, the region had a Han Chinese majority. The platform of the Ustae movement proclaimed that Croatians had been oppressed by the Serb-dominated Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and that Croatians deserved to have an independent nation after years of domination by foreign empires. During the war a number of other countries joined the Axis, induced by coercion or promises of territory or protection by the Axis powers. rome berlin axis apush significanceboone county wv obituaries. Slovakia invaded Poland alongside German forces, contributing 50,000 men at this stage of the war. The Rome-Berlin Axis | Military Wiki | Fandom An official communique published in Berlin and in Vienna on July 11 stated that the German Reich recognized Austrias full sovereignty and that Austria undertook, both in general and toward the German Reich, to pursue the policy of a German state. A visit by Galeazzo Ciano, Mussolinis son-in-law and minister of foreign affairs, to Hitler at Berchtesgaden on October 24 was followed by Germanys becoming the first power to recognize Italys annexation of Ethiopia. [95] When war erupted in Europe, the economy of the Kingdom of Romania was already subordinated to the interests of Nazi Germany through a treaty signed in the spring of 1939. [45] Relations between Germany and Poland altered from the early to the late 1930s, as Germany sought rapprochement with Poland to avoid the risk of Poland entering the Soviet sphere of influence, and appealed to anti-Soviet sentiment in Poland. [11] Meetings took place in Berlin in 1924 between Italian General Luigi Capello and prominent figures in the German military, such as von Seeckt and Erich Ludendorff, over military collaboration between Germany and Italy. In addition to the Croatian Home Guard, Paveli was also the supreme commander of the Ustae militia, although all NDH military units were generally under the command of the German or Italian formations in their area of operations. Diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Finland were severed on 1 August 1941, after the British Royal Air Force bombed German forces in the Finnish village and port of Petsamo. The Soviet Union attacked Finland on 30 November 1939, which started the Winter War. However, Norway was one of the first countries where resistance during World War II was widespread before the turning point of the war in 1943. Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 19181940. British Foreign Office Archive, 371/24809/461-556. The limited actions taken by the Western powers pushed Mussolini's Italy towards alliance with Hitler's Germany anyway. [60] Relations between Italy and France deteriorated with France's refusal to accept Italy's demands. An armistice was signed on 8 September 1943, and four days later Mussolini was rescued by the Germans in Operation Oak and placed in charge of a puppet state called the Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana/RSI, or Repubblica di Sal) in northern Italy. edition. The Nazis also aimed to occupy and colonize non-German territories in Poland, the Baltic states, and the Soviet Union, as part of the Nazi policy of seeking Lebensraum ("living space") in Central and Eastern Europe. Its principal members were Nazi Germany, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan. Chapter 24 APUSH Flashcards | Quizlet [12], However at this time Mussolini stressed one important condition that Italy must pursue in an alliance with Germany: that Italy "must tow them, not be towed by them". Spell. Zeszyty Muzeum, 3. Interventionists became increasingly vocal in 1940 as war escalated in Europe. Rome-Berlin Axis | Article about Rome-Berlin Axis by The Free Dictionary In contrast to the Allies,[4] there were no three-way summit meetings, and cooperation and coordination were minimal; on occasion, the interests of the major Axis powers were even at variance with each other. [32], The Axis powers' primary goal was territorial expansion at the expense of their neighbors. Native Americans soldiers trained to use native languages to send messages in battle during World War II. [111] During the Jassy-Kishinev Offensive of August 1944, Romania switched sides on August 23, 1944. On 25 March 1941, fearing that Yugoslavia would be invaded otherwise, the Yugoslav government signed the Tripartite Pact with significant reservations. Caudillo Francisco Franco's Spanish State gave moral, economic, and military assistance to the Axis powers, while nominally maintaining neutrality. Over 70,000 Royal Italian Army troops and 20,000 of Albanian and Muslim irregulars were deployed to suppress the rebellion. ; November 25, 1936 Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan sign the Anti-Comintern Pact. APUSH CH 27-28. put pressure on Italy, invade Sicily, and insist on an "unconditional surrender", formed by an invasion of Western Europe by the US, GB, France in 1944; meant to take the pressure off of the Russians and divide the Germans; established D-day, meeting between Stalin, Churchill, and FDR in late 1943; a Soviet attack on Germany from the East with an allies attack from the West was their biggest agreement, first day of the Normandy landings which started the invasion of Western Europe and liberated France from Germany, Hitler's last attempt to save his campaign; he attacked the outnumbered Allies at their main supply station at Antwerp; although it weakened the Allied line on the ground. Although the French had told Churchill they would not allow their fleet to be taken by the Germans, the British launched naval attacks intended to prevent the French navy being used, the most notable of which was the attack on the Algerian harbour of Mers el-Kebir on 3 July 1940. Created by. At its peak, Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere included Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, large parts of China, Malaysia, French Indochina, the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, Burma, a small part of India, and various Pacific Islands in the central Pacific. During the 1930s, because of traditional right-wing elements, Bulgaria drew closer to Nazi Germany. What was the significance of the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis? The Shaping of the Nazi State. The General Government was the name given to the territories of occupied Poland that were not directly annexed into German provinces, but like Bohemia and Moravia was considered within the sovereign territory of Germany by the Nazi authorities. Vietnam War. In March, divisions of the German army arrived at the Bulgarian-Yugoslav border and permission was sought for them to pass through to attack Greece. The possibility of Spanish intervention in World War II was of concern to the United States, which investigated the activities of Spain's ruling Falange Espanola Tradicionalista y de las JONS in Latin America, especially Puerto Rico, where pro-Falange and pro-Franco sentiment was high, even amongst the ruling upper classes. It was later committed to the defence of Burma against the Allied offensive. [119] The Danish resistance movement was active in sabotage and issuing underground newspapers and blacklists of collaborators. Duce Benito Mussolini described Italy's declaration of war against the Western Allies of Britain and France in June 1940 as the following: "We are going to war against the plutocratic and reactionary democracies of the West who have invariably hindered the progress and often threatened the very existence of the Italian people". Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 19181940. [8], Italy under Duce Benito Mussolini had pursued a strategic alliance of Italy with Germany against France since the early 1920s. [17] The Four Power Directorate proposal stipulated that Germany would no longer be required to have limited arms and would be granted the right to re-armament under foreign supervision in stages. 34 & 35. In 1966, Collins (London) published a 446-page revised[why?] To Ambassador Grew, Japan's decision to cast her lot with Germany and Italy marked the definite termination of Japan's political and moral isolation and emphasized "the abandonment of Japan's previous and almost traditional alignment with the democratic powers.". rome berlin axis apush significance boone county wv obituaries The Yugoslav authorities refused to return Nedi to United States custody. Initially the Ustae had been heavily influenced by Italy. Doubtless I shall die on board Nagato [his flagship]. Denmark coordinated its foreign policy with Germany, extending diplomatic recognition to Axis collaborator and puppet regimes, and breaking diplomatic relations with the Allied governments-in-exile. Japan took advantage of the preoccupation of Great Britain and the United States with affairs in Europe to push forward in her attempt to establish hegemony in the Far East. Mengjiang's independence was proclaimed on 18 February 1936, following the Japanese occupation of the region. The South Seas Mandate were territories granted to Japan in 1919 in the peace agreements of World War I, that designated to Japan the German South Pacific islands. The translation of the book itself is often inaccurate and the unpublished sources are not always clear and defined. The party's ascent was fueled by huge World War I reparation payments, economic depression, fear of communism, labor unrest, and rising unemployment. Shortly after Germany annexed the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia, the Slovak Republic declared its independence from the rump Second Czechoslovak Republic. Albanians in the Italian army joined the guerrilla forces. The government had a strained relationship with the Japanese from the beginning. Hitler reluctantly agreed; Yugoslavia was invaded and the NDH was created. Slovakia and the Czech Republic finally separated into independent states in 1993. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczestwa w Polsce Intelligenzaktion Instytut Pamici Narodowej, IPN 2009. [70] While Hitler was disappointed with the Italian military's performance, he maintained overall favorable relations with Italy because of his personal friendship with Mussolini. It is a study of the Axis alliance between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, with particular emphasis on the relationship between Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. Slovakia was spared German military occupation until the Slovak National Uprising, which began on 29 August 1944, and was almost immediately crushed by the Waffen SS and Slovak troops loyal to Josef Tiso. rome berlin axis apush significance - Casessss.com Romanian troops in the Crimea helped repulse initial Soviet landings, but eventually all of the peninsula was re-conquered by Soviet forces and the Romanian Navy evacuated over 100,000 German and Romanian troops, an achievement which earned Romanian Admiral Horia Macellariu the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. During 1941 Germany exerted every effort to induce Japan to enter the war against the British Empire. The Kingdom of Bulgaria was ruled by sar Boris III when it signed the Tripartite Pact on 1 March 1941. Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). [106] Romania had also been a major power in the oil industry since the 1800s. Stutthof. When Mussolini publicly announced the signing on 1 November, he proclaimed the creation of a RomeBerlin axis. These taxes on personal incomes and business profits paid half the cost of World War II. [113] On April 9, Germany attacked Scandinavia, and the speed of the German invasion of Denmark prevented King Christian X and the Danish government from going into exile. Match. The Tripartite Pact is signed by Germany, Italy and Japan According to Article 3 of the Treaty the three parties agreed "to cooperate in their efforts on the aforesaid lines," and they further undertook "to assist one another with all political, economic, and military means when one of the three Contracting Parties is attacked by a power at present not involved in the European war or in the Sino-Japanese Conflict." [10] In early 1923, as a goodwill gesture to Germany, Italy secretly delivered weapons for the Reichswehr, which had faced major disarmament under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. Popularly known as the GI Bill, legislation authorizing the government to provide World War II veterans with funds for education, housing, and heath care, as well as loans to start businesses and buy homes. [33] In ideological terms, the Axis described their goals as breaking the hegemony of the plutocratic Western powers and defending civilization from Communism. War was never declared between Finland and the United States, though relations were severed between the two countries in 1944 as a result of the Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement. The border with Poland was shifted back to the pre-war state. Match. However the Banjica Concentration Camp was jointly run by the German Army and Nedic's regime. Italian armed forces were allowed to control all of the coastline of the NDH, effectively giving Italy total control of the Adriatic coastline. [60] France responded to Italy's demands with threatening naval manoeuvres as a warning to Italy. From late 1940 Hitler sought a non-aggression pact with Yugoslavia. In February 1941, Hitler called for Yugoslavia's accession to the Tripartite Pact, but the Yugoslav government delayed. The northern portion of Libya was incorporated directly into Italy in 1939; however the region remained united as a colony under a colonial governor. [6].mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}, The term "axis" was first applied to the Italo-German relationship by the Italian prime minister Benito Mussolini in September 1923, when he wrote in the preface to Roberto Suster's La Germania Repubblicana that "there is no doubt that in this moment the axis of European history passes through Berlin" (non v'ha dubbio che in questo momento l'asse della storia europea passa per Berlino). Slovakia declared war on the Soviet Union in 1941 and signed the revived Anti-Comintern Pact in 1941. Under these circumstances there was no real chance of coordinating the war plans of the two powers, and such collaborative ventures as were attempted were subject to restriction or change by either party in the light of its own independent operations. [55][129] After unsuccessfully attempting to force territorial and other concessions on the Finns, the Soviet Union tried to invade Finland in November 1939 during the Winter War, intending to establish a communist puppet government in Finland. Under the terms of this agreement Japan recognized and respected the leadership of Germany and Italy in the establishment of a new order in Europe, and Germany and Italy correspondingly recognized and respected the leadership of Japan in East Asia. Rome - berlin Axis 1936 Flashcards | Quizlet They fought against the Allied Powers, led by the United States Britain and the Soviet Union. The first step was the protocol signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936, after which Italian leader Benito Mussolini declared that all other European countries would thereafter rotate on the RomeBerlin axis, thus creating the term "Axis". French Indochina was the base for the Japanese invasions of Thailand, Malaya, and the Dutch East Indies. [39] In 1939, Japan committed 22 percent of its GNP to its war effort in China; this rose to three-quarters of GNP in 1944. No raw materials had been stockpiled and the reserves it did have would soon be exhausted, Italy's industrial base was only one-tenth of Germany's, and even with supplies the Italian military was not organized to provide the equipment needed to fight a modern war of a long duration. Tan gives her audience stories that are based on her family history. In Norway, under Reichskommissariat Norwegen, the Quisling regime, headed by Vidkun Quisling, was installed by the Germans as a client regime during the occupation, while king Haakon VII and the legal government were in exile. On July 2, 1941 the "Outline of National Policies in View of the Changing Situation" was approved in an Imperial Conference. A conference in in September 1938 during which Britain and France agreed to allow Germany to annex the Sudetenland- a German-speaking border area of Czechoslovakia- in return for Hitler's pledge to seek no more territory. Upon coming to power, Paveli formed the Croatian Home Guard (Hrvatsko domobranstvo) as the official military force of the NDH. Slovakia had been closely aligned with Germany almost immediately from its declaration of independence from Czechoslovakia on 14 March 1939. Fraser. Axis powers | Countries & History | Britannica 1 (Oct., 1949), pp. Flashcards. The Finnish War-Responsibility Trial, 19451946", "Historian professorit hautaavat pitkt kiistat", "Military Expediency: A Determining Factor in the Japanese Policy regarding Burmese Independence", "The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography: The 1942-43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence", "British and American Influence in Post-War Thailand", "Avalon Project Nazi-Soviet Relations 19391941", Albert Lebrun's biography, French Republic Presidential official website, "Prince Phetsarath (1890-1959): Nationalism and Royalty in the Making of Modern Laos", "Historian: FDR probably engineered famous WWII plans leak", "BBC On This Day 11 1941: Germany and Italy declare war on US", Silent movie of the signing of The Tripartite Pact, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party, British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women, Fdration d'action nationale et europenne, Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation, National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom), National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands, National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden), National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark, Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists, German National Movement in Liechtenstein, German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia), Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party, United Hungarian National Socialist Party, Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit, Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party, National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement, An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus, The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia, Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics, Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund fr Leibesbungen, Union of Young Fascists Vanguard (boys), Union of Young Fascists Vanguard (girls), National Socialist German Students' League, Persecution of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axis_powers&oldid=1142617643, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2012, Articles with Danish-language sources (da), Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 12:32.

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